M.SC. BOTANY SEM - III MGSU, BIKANER

Biotechnology Concepts:- •         The term biotechnology was coined by Hungarian engineer Karl Ereky in 1919. •         Biotechnology is a new term but this process has been used since ancient times. For example, wine, curd, vinegar, etc. have been produced by fermentation with the help of microorganisms. •         After the discovery of RE (Restriction Endonuclease)  in 1970, new methods of gene technology developed which were extremely beneficial for humans. This brought revolutionary changes in the field of Biotechnology. •       Definition :-   The branch of biology in which beneficial products are made for human beings by the controlled use of biological factors such as microorganisms or the components of cells is called biotechnology. जैव प्रौद्योगिकी अवधारणाएँ:- •         जैव प्रौद्योगिकी शब्द का प्रयोग 1919 में हंगेरियन इंजी...

Cosmids:- > It is first described by Collins and Hohn in 1978. > It is formed by joining ends of a linearized plasmid DNA with cos-site of lambda DNA. > It is the commonly used cloning vector suitable for cloning large DNA fragments upto 45 kbp. > Cosmid has an origin of replication, selectable markers, and gene cloning sites of plasmid DNA. Salient features:- i. Cosmid is a circular ds DNA. ii. It has two complementary single-stranded regions at both ends of a plasmid DNA. The two cos-ends form a duplex by base pairing. iii. The cosmid DNA does not code for phage proteins and host cell lysis. iv. It does not involve in multiplication of phage particles. v. It has an origin of replication from plasmid DNA for independent replication. vi. It has selectable marker genes and gene cloning sites of plasmid DNA vii. The cosmid DNA is packed within protein coat of bacteriophage to form inactive phage particles. Cos-site is a prerequsites for invitro packaging of cosmid in phag...